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National Centennial Celebration and Exposition. 



SPEECH 






L 



HON. WILLIAM K KELLEY, 



OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



DELIVERED 



IN THE HOUSE OF RE PEESENT ATI YES, 



»( 



JANUARY 10, 1871. 






U. S. A, 



WASHINGTON: 
F. & J. RIVES & GEO. A. BAILEY, 

REPORTERS AND PRINTERS OF THE DEBATES OP CONGRF 

1871. 



**§> 



V 



\ 



NATIONAL EXPOSITION 



The House having under consideration the bill 
(IT. R. No. 1478) to provide for celebrating the one 
hundredth anniversary of American independence 
by holding an international exhibition of arts, manu- 
factures, and products of the soil and mine, in the 
city of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, in 
the year 1876— 

Mr. KELLEYsaid: 

Mr. Speaker: This bill has been treated 
by its opponents as though its object were 
a purely local one. It is not so. The city 
of Philadelphia, the State of Pennsylvania, 
and the Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania 
originated the movement for the centennial 
celebration of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, and are willing to take the respons- 
ibility of its preparation and management 
under the auspices of the Government of the 
United States. And to that end the bill does 
little more than ordain that such a celebra- 
tion shall be had at Philadelphia, and pro- 
vide for the appointment by the President of 
one commissioner from each State and Ter- 
ritory upon the nomination of the Governor 
thereof. 

The proposed exhibition is to celebrate 
events that are not merely of national but of 
world-wide interest. Itis to commemorate not 
a day, but an epoch in universal history ; not an 
event, but a series of events that occurred in 
rapid succession and gave birth to republican 
liberty, and organized a nation which stands 
to-day, when measured by the number of its 
population, the extent and geographical posi- 
tion of its territory, the intelligence and enter- 
prise of its people, and the variety and volume 
of its resources and productions first and proud- 
est, though but an infant among the nations of 
the world. London and Paris were venerable 
cities when the American continent was dis- 
covered, and this bill proposes to invite the 
people of London, Paris, and the world at large 
to behold the results of one century of repub- 
lican liberty in a nation, whose people are the 
offspring of those of every land and clime, 
and to challenge them to present the best 
results of their genius, experience, and labor 



in comparison with those of this young and 
heterogeneous but free people. 

The proposed celebration, sir, will prove to 
be of national importance by its relation to 
the trade of the country. I hold in my hand 
one of the most instructive politico-economic 
works of the last year, "Home Politics ; or, 
the Growth of Trade considered in its Relation 
to Labor, Pauperism, and Emigration, by Dan- 
iel Grant," published in London. I request 
the attention of the House to a passage from 
that work with respect to the influence of the 
first and second expositions on the trade of 
England. It is as follows : 

"In an early part of this chapter it was pointed 
out that the personal knowledge of buyer and seller 
form an important link in the growth of trade, and 
in one sense thefirst exhibition aided this. Men who 
for years had known each other by name came to 
know each other as a matter of fact, and thus built 
up relations that produced a, mutual good. The 
mere prestige of the 'world's bazaar' brought men 
from every quarter of the habitable world, and they 
carried away with them to their distant homes the 
memory of English productions, that bore fruit then 
and has borne fruit since. At the time, among the 
whole of our manufacturers, it was recognized as an 
uncballengable fact that the exhibition had stimu- 
lated trade, that orders were plentiful, and that its 
success was great. 

"The statistics do more than bear this point out; 
the bound in our exports is both clear and decisive. 
It will be necessary to notice here that the direct 
results of the exhibition would not be manifest 
until the year after it closed, and would most, prob- 
ably extend twelve months beyond. The exhibition 
did not close until the end of the year ; the orders 
given during the time would be delivered partly in 
the year 1851, and partly in "1852, and the return 
orders some months later, so that the effects would 
appear in the following years. The statistics here 
given show very markedly the growth of our exports 
at the particular epochs. ' 

"Onr exports in 1851 were £74.448,722, in 1852. 
£78.076,854. and in 1853, £98.93:5.780; showing an 
advance in the two years of £24,4S5.050. 

The same results are apparent in the two years 
after our second exhibition : 

"Our exports in 1862 were £123.992,264. in ].S63, 
£146.602,342. and in 1864. £160.414.053; showing an 
advance in the two years of £36,456,789." 

No one can consider these figures and the 
reflections of Mr. Grant without conceding 
that such an exhibition, held in the neighbor- 
hood or within the limits of one of our great 
cities, would largely expand the trade of the 
entire country, and would attract an enorm- 
ous flow of immigration, especially of skilled 
mechanics, artists, and men of enterprise with 
capital too limited to be adequate to produce 



a competence in Europe, but which might 
enable them to amass fortunes in this country 
of cheap land and undeveloped resources. 

The question, therefore, is one of national 
importance, and should not be treated as a 
local one, because it is proposed that the com- 
memorative exhibition shall be held in the 
city in which the events which it is to com- 
memorate occurred. I regret exceedingly that 
the gentleman from New Jersey [Mr. Cleve- 
land] is not in his seat. He proposed to hold 
such a celebration in New York, and, in sup- 
port of his strange proposition, invited the at- 
tention of the House to the fact that for forty 
years New York has had an association for the 
promotion of the mechanic arts, known as the 
American Institute. Sir, forty-five years ago, 
I was a copy-reader in a printing office, and I 
remember well that among the copy which 
most puzzled me was that of Dr. Jones, who 
was then at the head of the Patent Office and 
editor of the journal of the Franklin Institute, 
an institution which had then been publishing 
its proceedings for several years. This was 
five years before the organization of the 
American Institute. The Franklin Institute 
of Pennsylvania hailed the organization and 
has rejoiced in the prosperity of the American 
Institute, and recognizes it as its most success- 
ful offspring and as one of its most influential 
coworkers in developing our manufacturing 
and mining resources and promoting the gen- 
eral interests of our country. 

The gentleman from New York, [Mr. 
Brooks,] hi opposing this bill, spoke of the 
inconsequential character of the preamble and 
resolutions. Regarding the proposed exposi- 
tion as a commemoration only of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, he said that document 
had nothing to do with the progress of manu- 
factures and the arts. In this opinion he dis- 
sents from that, of Thomas Jefferson, as he will 
discover by turning to volume one of Jeffer- 
son's; Works, page 129. He will there find 
that Mr. Jefferson assigns the attempt by Eng- 
land to suppress manufactures and prevent their 
establishment was a potent cause of the revolt 
of the Colonies. He says :' 

That to heighten still the idea, of parliamentary 

justice, and to show with what moderation they are 
like to exercise power where themselves are to feel 
no part of its weight, we take leave to mention to 
his Majesty certain other acts of the British Parlia- 
ment by which they were prohibited from manufac- 
turing for our own use the articles we raise on our 
own lands with our own labor. By a.n act passed in 
the fifth year of the reign of his late Majesty, Icing 
George II, an American subject is forbidden to make 



a hat for himself of the fur which he has taken per- 
haps on his own soil; an instance of despotism to 
which no parallel can be produced in the most arbi- 
trary ages of British history. By one other act, 
passed in the twenty-third year of the same reign, 
the iron which we make we are forbidden to manu- 
facture; and heavy as that article is, and necessary 
in every branch of husbandry, besides commission 
and insurance, we are to pay freight for it to Great 
Britain, and freight for it back again, for the purpose 
of supporting, not men, but machines, in the island 
of Great Britain." 

That gentlemen may perceive how well 
founded these complaints of the colonists were, 
let me quote a portion of the two laws to which 
Mr. Jefferson refers. I might cite many kin- 
dred laws, but parts of these will suffice. Let 
me read the fourth section of chapter twenty- 
two of the fifth year (1732) of George II. It 
is as follows : 

"Whereas the art and mystery of making hats in 
Great Britain hath arrived to great perfection, and 
considerable quantities of hats manufactured in this 
kingdom have heretofore been exported to his Ma- 
jesty's plantations or Colonies in America, who have 
been wholly supplied with hats from Great Britain ; 
and whereas great quantities of bats have of late 
years been made, and the said manufacture is daily 
increasing in the British plantations in America, 
and is from thence exported to foreign markets, 
which were heretofore supplied from Great Britain, 
and the hat-makers in the said plantations take 
many apprentices for small terms, to the discour- 
agement of the said trade, and debasing the said 
manufacture; wherefore, for preventing the said ill 
practices for the future, and for promoting and en- 
couraging the trade of making hats in GreatBritain, 

Be it enacted by the king's most excellent majesty, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Lords, spiritual 
and temporal and Commons in this present Parliament 
assembled, and by the authority of the same. That from 
and after the 29th day of September, A. D. 1732, no 
hats or felts whatsoever, dyed or undyed, finished 
or unfinished, shall be shipped, laden, or put on 
board any ship or vessel in any place or ports 
within any of the British plantations, upon any 
pretense whatsoever, by any person or persons 
whatsoever; and also, that no hats or felts, either 
dyed or undyed, finished or unfinished, shall be 
laden upon any horse, cart, or other carriage, to the 
intentorpurposeto be exported, transported, shipped 
off, carried, or conveyed out of any of the said Brit- 
ish plantations to any other of the British planta- 
tions, or to any other place whatsoever, by any per- 
son or persons whatsoever." 

The ninth and tenth sections of the other 

act referred to, chapter twenty- eight of the 

twenty-third year (1750) of George II, are as 

follows : 

"IX. That from and after the 24th day of June. 
1750, no mill or other engine for slitting or rolling 
of iron, or any plating forge to work with a tilt- 
hammer, or anyfurna.ee for making steel, shall be 
erected, or after such erection, continued in any of 
his Majesty's colonics in America; and if any person 
or persons shall erect, or cause to be erected, or after 
such erection continue, or cause to be continued, in 
any of the said Colonies, any such mill, engine, 
forge, or furnace, every person or persons so offend- 
ing shall, for every such mill, engine, forge, or fur- 
nace, forfeit the sum of £200 of lawfu* money of 
GreatBritain. 

"X. And it is hereby farther enacted by the authority 
aforesaid, That every such mill, engine, forge, or fur- 
nace so erected or continued, contrary to the direc- 
tions of this act, shall bo deemed a common nuis- 
ance; and that every governor, lieutenant governor, 
or commander-in-chief of his Majesty's colonies in 
America, where any such mill, engine, forge, or fur- 
nace shall be erected or continued, shall, upon in- 
iormation to him made and given, upon the oath of 



any two or more credible witnesses, that any such 
mill, engine, forge, or furnace hath been no erected 
or continued, (which oath such governor, lieutenant 
governor, or commander-in-chief is hereby author- 
ized and required to administer,) order and cause 
every such mill, engine, forgo, or furnace to be 
abated within the space of thirty days nt;xt after 
such information given and made as afores tid; and 
if any governor, lieutenant governor, or commander- 
in-chief shall neglect or refuse to do so within the 
time herein before limited for that purpose, every 
such governor, lieutenant governor, or commander- 
in-chief so offending shall, for every such offense, 
forfeit the sum of £500 of lawful money of Great 
Britain, and shall from thenceforth be disabled to 
hold or enjoy any office of trust or profit under 
his Majesty, his heirs or successors." 

Thus, sir, the history of the Colonies, the 
laws of England, and the express assertion of 
the author of the Declaration of Independence 
assure us that no character of celebration of 
the events we propose to commemorate could 
be more appropriate than one which would 
exhibit to the world the results of the mining, 
manufacturing, and artistic skill of a people 
who, one hundred years ago, were not permit- 
ted to manufacture a felt hat or a plow or nail 
from the productions of their own soil. Cer- 
tainly no celebration could be more apposite 
or more fitting. 

Then comes the question, "Where should it 
be held?" Why, sir, it should, in the judg- 
ment of the country, be held where the Con- 
tinental Congress assembled, deliberated, and 
acted, and where Carpenters' Hall still stands, 
as it did when the first prayer for Congress 
was uttered. It should be in the vicinity of 
Independence Hall, where the Declaration of 
Independence was signed and proclaimed to 
the people, and where stands the old bell, 
whose peals summoned them, now shattered, 
but still in form, and bearing the prophetic 
inscription, "Proclaim liberty throughout all 
the land unto all the inhabitants thereof," 
cast upon it about a century before the great 
event it announced. It should be near to the 
hall in which the Constitution was framed 
and adopted, and to that in which the first 
Congress of the United States assembled; and 
these are all in Philadelphia. Were the cele- 
bration of the centennial anniversary of this 
great epoch, embracing this series of grand 
historical events, to be held in any other city 
it would be out of place, and the people who 
might attend it would wander from its precincts 
to Philadelphia, in search of the scenes and 
halls amid which and in which the men whose 
deeds they would commemorate had consum- 
mated their great designs. 

Can Philadelphia accommodate it? Sir, 
many of the members of this House, includ- 



ing members of the Committee on Foreign 
Affairs and the Committee on Manufactures, 
have visited our city with reference to this 
question. They spent delightful hours in our 
park, unequaled in the world, either in extent 
or beauty, through which flow the beautiful 
Schuylkill and the romantic Wissahickon, and 
containing more than twenty-six hundred acres 
of undulating land, embracing both banks of 
the beautiful streams I have named. When 
Miss Frances Anne Kemble first visited us she 
was fresh from Italy and Switzerland, among 
whose mountains and lakes she had passed 
years ; yet familiar as she was with the won- 
drous beauty of their scenery she found its 
equal within the limits of Philadelphia's park. 
Listen to what she said on the subject : 

To the WissahicJcon. 

My feet shall tread no more thy mossy side, 

When once they turn away, thou pleasant water, 
Nor ever more, reflected in thy tide, 

AVill shine the eyes of the white island's daughter. 
But often in my dreams, when I am gone 

Beyond the sea that parts thy home and mine, 

Upon thy banks the evening sun will shine, 
And I shall hear thy low, still flowing on. 
And when the burden of existence lies 

Upon my soul darkly and heavily, 
I'll clasp my hands over my weary eyes, 

Thou pleasant water, and thy clear waves see. 
Bright be thy course, forever and forever — 

Child of pure mountain springs and mountain snow; 
And as thou wanderest on to meet the river, 

Oh, still in light and music may'st thou flow I 
I never shall come back to thee again, 
When once my sail is shadowed on the main ; 
Nor ever shall I hear thy laughing voice, 
As on their rippling way thy waves rejoice; 
Nor ever see the dark green cedar throw 
Its gloomy shade o'er the clear depths below. 
Never, from stony rifts of granite gray, 
Sparkling like diamond rocks in the sun's ray, 
Shall I look down on thee, thou pleasant stream, 
Beneath whose crystal folds tho gold sands gleam. 
Wherefore, farewell 1 but whensoe'er again 

The wintry spell melts from the earth and air ; 
And the young spring comes dancing through thy 
glen. 

With fragrant, flowery breath, and sunny hair ; 
When through the snow the scarlet berries gleam, 
Like jewels strewn upon thy banks, fair stream, 
My spirit shall through many a summer's day 
Return among thy peaceful woods to stray. 

Here, sir, amidst these scenes of beauty, and 
in the midst of a collection of American trees 
and foliage such as is nowhere else to be found, 
we ask this exposition to be held. Sir, we 
make this request not with reference to the 
beauty of the site alone, but to its utility and 
fitness also. 

Through the Philadelphia park passes the 
junction railway, by which goods shipped for 
exhibition from any part of the continent of 
America, which is connected with a through 
line of railway, may be delivered at the ground 
proposed to be set apart for the exhibition 
without transfer or breaking bulk. 

Again, the great thing that the people of 



6 



Europe would learn by coming to see us, would 
be the effect of free institutions upon the masses 
of the people, and that which they would most 
admire, and which they could see nowhere else, 
would be the homes of our working people. I 
repeat, sir, that by nothing that they would see 
in this country would the workingmen or the 
capitalists of Europe be more instructed than 
in looking at the homes of the workmen of 
Philadelphia. No tenement houses there. 
Each laborer who has a family dwells under a 
separate roof, which is most frequently his 
own ; in a house lighted by gas, supplied with 
an abundance of pure hydrant water. In every 
house there is a bath-room, into which there 
runs streams, warm and cold, of the pure water 
provided by the public. This is a startling 
contrast to the homes of the workingmen 
of England, France, Belgium, or Prussia, or 
any other land. To thus bring the people of 
Europe to a knowledge of how laborers live in 
our free Republic would give an upward im- 
pulse to the temporal condition of humanity 
everywhere. 

Sir, the gentleman from New York [Mr. 
Brooks] suggested that he was not hostile to 
Philadelphia, inasmuch as he regarded her as 
one of the principal suburbs of New York. I 
do not wonder at that, for in truth the two 
cities are each the other's principal suburb. 
They are so near each other, their population 
is so nearly equal, and each is so thoroughly 
the complement of the other, that each may, 
without affectation, so regard the other. They 
are but little more than two hours apart, and 
the road that connects them is the one to which 
I have alluded that runs through the park. 

London imports through Liverpool, Paris 
through Havre, and our merchants receive most 
of their importations through New York for 
precisely the same reasons that control those 
of London and Paris. We do it for greater 
convenience, and our imports thus swell the 
volume of New York's apparent greatness. In 
her we find one of our principal customers, 
and largely our factor. She distributes many 
of our products, indeed I may say most of that 
part of our products not consumed by our 
own prosperous and happy people. 

We have no rivalry with New York. Her 
held of operations is with foreign countries; 
ours is at home. We convert the raw mate- 
rial of our own and other lauds into utilities 
and matters of taste and vertu. We are a 
producing people ; they are a trading people. 



Our roots are fixed in the soil of our country; 
they move with the changes of commerce. 
And Now York, but for the possibility of in- 
creasing her manufactures, may one day follow 
the great cities that have, from time to time, 
been reared on the commercial routes of the 
past, and are now known only to history. A 
city depending exclusively upon commerce may 
be regarded as possibly transitory, so long as 
the routes of commerce are liable to change. 

Sir, in comparing the two cities (I have no 
idea of contrasting them, for, as an American, 
I rejoice in the growth and progress of each) 
let me tell you something of the people of 
Philadelphia and their products. The census 
just taken is incomplete. General Walker, 
the Superintendent of the Census Bureau, 
assured me to-day that the statement which I 
hold in my hand is from twenty to twenty-five 
per cent, too low in its aggregate of her man- 
ufacturing products. The total of imports into 
the country during the last fiscal year, not into 
New York, but into the country; not on the 
Atlantic coast, but on the Atlantic and Pacific 
coasts, amounted to a little more than four 
hundred and sixty-two million dollars. That 
was the value of our entire import of manu- 
factured articles and of raw material. The en- 
tire imports were, I say, but $462, 377, 587, while 
the products of industry, as for as ascertained, 
in Philadelphia alone were $251,663,921. Add 
to this, as I am authorized by the Superin- 
tendent of the Census to add, twenty per cent., 
and it will be found that her productions alone 
were far greater than the manufactured im- 
ports of the country, and equal to about two 
thirds of the entire imports of raw materials 
and manufactured articles. 

Philadelphia has, as far as ascertained, 
(and the numbers will be greatly increased,) 
9,090 establishments, employing a capital of 
$205,564,238; employing in horse-power, of 
steam, 31,582, and of water, 2,226; employ- 
ing 88,631 males above sixteen years of age, 
23,545 females above that age, 7,356 chil- 
dren and youth; paying wages annually to the 
amount of $52,236,026 ; using materials to the 
value of $132,618,873; and yielding manu- 
factured products, as I have already said, to 
the value of $251,663,921. And the Super- 
intendent of the Census, from information 
already in his possession, justifies me in swelling 
this amount, to $300,000,000. But for the fur- 
ther information of the House I will atthis point 
incorporate in ray remarks the table in detail: 




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An abstract from the manufacturing returns of Philadelphia, as received from the assistant marshals- 
correspondence not completed— respectfully furnished for the information of Hon. AVilliam D. Kelley, 
United States House of Representatives. 

FRANCIS A. WALKER, Superintendent Oenoue. 

* I have not adopted a classification. * F. A. W. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



8 



Here, then, among these appliances for the 
conversion of raw materials into the comforts 
and luxuries of life ; here among these busy 
mechanicians; here, in the home of Franklin, 
whose old printing press will furnish a striking 
contrast when put beside the ' { Hoe' s last fast ' ' 
or the last patent press that will be operating 
in those days ; here, where Jefferson and his _ 
compatriots consulted upon the problem of 
independence, where Washington presided over 
the Convention which framed the Constitution, 
where, under that Constitution, he dwelt as 
Chief Magistrate of the country, surrounded by 
the great men of that day from all the then 
States; here, where, in a park embracing more 
than twenty- six hundred acres of land, the 
dimensions of the exhibition may spread tp a 
hundred or five hundred acres, and from every 
point of which the eye shall be filled with nat- 
ural beauty ; here, lit a spot accessible from 
every part of the country, blessed with a 
railroad, should this commemoration be 
held. 



019 930 485 9 

I am askei . , ^ a >. xno a^nu- 

ment submitted by my colleague [Mr. Mor- 
rell] proposes to limit the amount that may 
be expended by the Government to $50,000 a 
year until 1876, when the sum may be increased 
to $250,000, making a total expenditure of 
$500,000. Sir, I have no idea that under the 
provisions of this bill the first year's expenses 
of the commissioners will be anything like that. 
But, assuming that they will, we appropriated 
the same sum to send a few articles to the 
Paris Exposition. Here we invite the people 
of every State and Territory to present in bril- 
liant array among and in comparison with the 
best productions of other countries their best 
productions of field, mine, workshop, or artist's 
studio. And the appropriation is asked for the 
benefit of the people of the more remote and 
poorer States, to whose borders many an immi- 
grant would be attracted by a generous exhi- 
bition of the many and various elements of 
wealth, in which every part of the country 
abounds in such marvelous profusion. 



\ 




Hollinger Corp. 
P H8.5 



